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Wann sind Ausbildungskosten Sonderausgaben und wann Werbungskosten?

Grundsätzlich wird zwischen Ausbildungskosten und Fortbildungskosten unterschieden. Diese Unterscheidung ist entscheidend dafür, ob die Kosten nur begrenzt als Sonderausgaben oder vollständig als Werbungskosten abgesetzt werden können.

1. Ausbildungskosten – Sonderausgaben

Kosten für eine erste Berufsausbildung oder ein Erststudium gelten steuerlich als Ausbildungskosten. Diese können nur als Sonderausgaben abgesetzt werden – allerdings maximal bis zu 6.000 Euro im Jahr.

Wichtig: Sonderausgaben können nur im Jahr der Zahlung berücksichtigt werden. Wenn in diesem Jahr kein zu versteuerndes Einkommen vorhanden ist, bringt der Sonderausgabenabzug keinen steuerlichen Vorteil.

2. Fortbildungskosten – Werbungskosten

Alle Kosten, die im Zusammenhang mit einer beruflichen Fortbildung nach Abschluss der ersten Ausbildung oder des Erststudiums entstehen, gelten als Fortbildungskosten. Diese sind uneingeschränkt als Werbungskosten absetzbar, wenn sie in einem beruflichen Zusammenhang stehen und zur Erzielung von Einkünften dienen.

Dazu zählen zum Beispiel:

  • Umschulungen in einen anderen Beruf,
  • Weiterbildungen im aktuell ausgeübten Beruf,
  • Fortbildungen in einem früher ausgeübten Beruf,
  • ein Zweitstudium.
3. Erst- oder Zweitstudium?

Die steuerliche Behandlung hängt davon ab, ob es sich um ein Erst- oder Zweitstudium handelt:

  • Ein Erststudium nach dem Schulabschluss wird als Erstausbildung eingestuft. Die Kosten hierfür können nur als Sonderausgaben bis 6.000 Euro pro Jahr geltend gemacht werden – ohne Verlustvortrag.
  • Ein Zweitstudium (z. B. ein Masterstudium nach einem Bachelorabschluss oder ein berufsbegleitendes Studium nach einer Ausbildung) gilt als Fortbildung. Die Kosten hierfür können voll als Werbungskosten abgesetzt werden. Ein steuerlicher Verlust kann sogar in spätere Jahre als Verlustvortrag übernommen werden.
4. Verlustvortrag bei Werbungskosten

Wer noch kein Einkommen hat, aber Ausbildungskosten als Werbungskosten geltend machen kann (z. B. im Zweitstudium), kann diese Kosten als vorweggenommene Werbungskosten ansetzen. Dadurch entsteht ein Verlust, der ins erste Jahr mit Einkommen vorgetragen und dort steuerlich verrechnet werden kann.

5. Beispiel zur Verdeutlichung

Herr A und Frau B sind beide Studenten ohne Einkommen.

  • Frau B studiert im Erststudium. Sie hat 4.500 € an Ausbildungskosten. Diese kann sie nur als Sonderausgaben im laufenden Jahr absetzen. Da sie aber keine Einkünfte hat, bringt ihr das steuerlich keinen Vorteil.
  • Herr A macht ein Zweitstudium. Er kann die 4.500 € als Werbungskosten angeben und damit einen steuerlichen Verlust erzeugen. Im Folgejahr, wenn er Einkommen hat, wird dieser Verlust mit seinem Einkommen verrechnet.

Ergebnis: Herr A zahlt im ersten Berufsjahr weniger Steuern als Frau B, obwohl beide gleich viel verdienen.

Wann sind Ausbildungskosten Sonderausgaben und wann Werbungskosten?



Study costs: When are they tax deductible?

Expenses for a first degree after school or for initial vocational training outside of an employment-based training programme are only deductible as special expenses up to 6,000 Euro (§ 10 para. 1 no. 7 and § 9 para. 6 EStG). This limitation is constitutional. In other cases, study costs can be deducted without limit as business expenses or, for the self-employed, as operating expenses, for example in the case of a second degree or job-related training after initial training.

In the following cases, study costs are deductible as business expenses without limit:

  • First degree after completed vocational training: For example, a degree after an apprenticeship (BFH ruling of 18.6.2009, BStBl. 2010 II p. 816).
  • First degree as part of an employment-based training programme: For example, for officers, career soldiers or in dual study programmes.
  • Second degree: After completing a first degree, if the degree is job-related.
  • Master's degree: As it requires a completed Bachelor's or other degree, it is considered a second degree.
  • Doctorate: The costs of a doctorate are deductible as business expenses if they are job-related.
  • MBA: An MBA is also a second degree and the costs are fully deductible.
  • Parallel degree courses: If a second degree course is continued after completing the first, the costs of the second degree are considered business expenses.
  • Referendariat: For lawyers and trainee teachers, expenses after the first state examination are fully deductible.
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Special case: Change of course without graduation: If a student changes course without completing the first degree, for example from law to medicine, the new course is not a second degree. In this case, expenses can only be deducted up to 6,000 Euro as special expenses.

 

Study costs: When are they tax deductible?



Training costs deductible as business expenses after all?

According to the Federal Fiscal Court, training costs should be deductible as business expenses without limit. Training costs are incurred as a necessary prerequisite for subsequent employment and are therefore business expenses, as they serve to generate taxable income.

Thus, the BFH judges asked the Federal Constitutional Court to clarify whether it is compatible with the Basic Law that, according to § 9 para. 6 EStG, expenses for initial vocational training or for a first degree are not recognised as business expenses (BFH decision of 17.7.2014, VI R 8/12 and VI R 2/12).

Currently, however, the Federal Constitutional Court has finally clarified the highly controversial issue - after more than 5 years(!) - unfortunately to the great disappointment of all those affected and to the delight of the tax authorities: 

The current legal regulation is constitutional. The fact that expenses for initial vocational training or for a first degree cannot be deducted as business expenses does not violate the Basic Law. The constitutional judges thus contradict the highest financial judges! (BVerfG decision of 19.11.2019, 2 BvL 22/14, 2 BvL 23/14, 2 BvL 24/14, 2 BvL 25/14, 2 BvL 26/14, 2 BvL 27/14, published on 10.1.2020).

Training costs deductible as business expenses after all?



Au pair stay: Language lessons count as vocational training

Many school leavers are drawn abroad for a period after their A-levels. As an au pair, they aim to improve their language skills through language classes and get to know the country and its people. In return for free board and lodging, the host family expects help with childcare and household duties. During the stay abroad, parents are only entitled to child benefit or tax allowances if the au pair stay is considered vocational training.

How can an au pair stay be recognised as vocational training? It is necessary for the child to participate in theoretical and systematic language classes that amount to at least 10 hours per week.

Does it have to be exactly 10 hours per week, or might 8.6 hours per week be sufficient?

In addition to pure language classes, the au pair must also spend time on preparation and follow-up work.

Currently, the Federal Fiscal Court has ruled that language classes of only 8.6 hours per week are not sufficient. Therefore, the au pair stay abroad cannot be recognised as vocational training. In this case, neither child benefit nor child allowances were granted. "If the average is less than 10 hours per week, exceptionally individual months may still be considered as vocational training if they are characterised by intensive classes of significantly more than 10 hours, e.g. due to block classes or courses" (BFH decision of 14.6.2016, III B 132/15).

Exceptionally, language classes of less than 10 hours per week may be sufficient for recognition as vocational training. This is the case if the foreign language classes are a mandatory requirement in a training or examination regulation or if the language classes prepare for a recognised foreign language test. The two most important English language tests are TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or IELTS (International English Language Testing System). (BFH ruling of 15.3.2012, III R 58/08; BFH ruling of 26.10.2012, VI R 102/10).

TOEFL language tests count as vocational training

Currently, the Saarland Fiscal Court has confirmed that an au pair stay after passing the TOEFL language test can be considered vocational training. However, one condition was particularly emphasised: Even if the acquisition of language skills is verified by a language test - such as TOEFL or IELTS - there must still be a concrete connection to vocational training. It is important that studies or other training are commenced or continued immediately (FG Saarland of 2.2.2014, 2 K 1308/13, final).

Au pair stay: Language lessons count as vocational training



First degree: What are the chances of a full deduction for income-related expenses?

Expenses for the first vocational training and for the first degree as initial training, which are not completed as part of a training employment relationship (e.g. apprenticeship), are currently only deductible as special expenses up to a limit of 6,000 Euro, while the costs for any educational measures after completing vocational training, including a first degree after an apprenticeship, can be fully considered as business expenses (§ 4 para. 9, § 9 para. 6, § 10 para. 1 no. 7 and § 12 no. 5 EStG).

The Federal Constitutional Court has now ruled: The current legal regulation is constitutional. The fact that expenses for initial vocational training or for a first degree as initial training cannot be deducted as business expenses does not violate the Basic Law (BVerfG decision of 19.11.2019, 2 BvL 22/14, 2 BvL 23/14, 2 BvL 24/14, 2 BvL 25/14, 2 BvL 26/14, 2 BvL 27/14, published on 10.1.2020).

First degree: What are the chances of a full deduction for income-related expenses?



Was kann ich bei einer Aus- oder Fortbildung in Vollzeit absetzen?

Aufwendungen für eine Ausbildung oder Fortbildung können steuerlich als Sonderausgaben, Werbungskosten oder Betriebsausgaben geltend gemacht werden. Entscheidend sind Art und Ziel der Bildungsmaßnahme sowie die persönliche Lebenssituation.

1. Sonderausgaben bei Erstausbildung oder Erststudium
  • Erstausbildung ohne Dienstverhältnis oder Erststudium: max. 6.000 € jährlich als Sonderausgaben (§ 10 Abs. 1 Nr. 7 EStG)
  • Kein Verlustvortrag möglich
2. Werbungskosten bei weiterer Ausbildung oder Ausbildung im Dienstverhältnis
  • Unbegrenzter Abzug als Werbungskosten möglich
  • Gilt bei:
    • zweiter Berufsausbildung
    • Ausbildung im Ausbildungsdienstverhältnis (z. B. Referendariat)
    • beruflicher Fortbildung
  • Verlustvortrag möglich

Typische Aufwendungen:

  • Fahrtkosten
  • Verpflegungsmehraufwand
  • Übernachtungskosten
  • Reisenebenkosten
  • Lehrmaterial, Studiengebühren
3. Reisekosten oder Entfernungspauschale – was gilt wann?
3.1 Auswärtstätigkeit: Reisekosten voll absetzbar

Bei berufsbegleitender Fortbildung außerhalb des Arbeitsplatzes liegt eine Auswärtstätigkeit vor. Absetzbar sind:

  • Fahrtkosten (30 Cent/km oder tatsächliche Kosten)
  • Verpflegungspauschalen
  • Übernachtungskosten
  • Reisenebenkosten
3.2 Vollzeit-Ausbildung: nur Entfernungspauschale

Seit 2014 gilt: Bei vollzeitiger Bildung ohne Arbeitsverhältnis ist die Bildungseinrichtung die erste Tätigkeitsstätte (§ 9 Abs. 4 EStG).

  • Nur Entfernungspauschale (30 Cent je Entfernungskilometer)
  • Keine Verpflegungspauschalen
  • Gilt bei Fort- und Ausbildung gleichermaßen
3.3 Was ist eine vollzeitige Bildungsmaßnahme?

Vollzeit liegt vor, wenn keine Erwerbstätigkeit ausgeübt wird. Unschädlich sind:

  • bis zu 20 Wochenstunden Tätigkeit
  • Minijob
  • kurzfristige Aushilfe
4. Aktuelles BFH-Urteil: Teilzeitstudium ist keine Vollzeitausbildung

Der Bundesfinanzhof hat entschieden: Ein Teilzeitstudium ist keine vollzeitige Bildungsmaßnahme, da es auf die Vereinbarkeit mit einer Berufstätigkeit ausgelegt ist.

Folge: Fahrtkosten können nach Reisekostengrundsätzen abgesetzt werden, nicht nur mit der Entfernungspauschale. (BFH-Urteil vom 24.10.2024, VI R 7/22)

Was kann ich bei einer Aus- oder Fortbildung in Vollzeit absetzen?



When can a home office be deducted during training?

According to current law, expenses for initial vocational training and first-degree studies outside of a training service relationship (e.g. apprenticeship) are deductible as special expenses up to 6,000 Euro. The costs for a first degree following an apprenticeship or for further training can be fully deducted as business expenses.

This may also include the costs for a home office, but only if it is the centre of all business and professional activities. In this case, either the actual costs of the office or an annual flat rate of 1,260 Euro can be deducted.

Tip: If the home office is used both to generate income and is the centre of all business and professional activities, the expenses or the annual flat rate should be allocated according to the extent of use and the activities performed there. However, it is also acceptable to allocate the expenses or the annual flat rate to a single activity without splitting them.

If the centre of all activities is not in the home office, only a daily allowance of 6 Euro per day can be deducted, up to a maximum of 1,260 Euro. The daily allowance applies per calendar day and does not increase even if different business or professional activities are carried out on one day for which the deduction conditions are met. The condition for the deduction is that the university or training institution was not visited on that day.

If you deduct the daily allowance as business expenses or income-related expenses for professional activity in your home, an additional deduction as special expenses is not possible.

When can a home office be deducted during training?



When are pilot training costs deductible?

The costs of pilot training are only fully deductible as anticipated income-related expenses if a "proper" initial training has been completed beforehand. According to the legal situation from 2015, initial training is only considered "proper" if it lasts at least twelve months full-time and ends with an examination. Only after such initial training can the costs for further training be claimed in full as income-related expenses (§ 9 para. 6 EStG 2015).

Shorter training courses are considered "vocational preparation measures" or "training phases" and not as initial training. However, the costs of such training phases are deductible as special expenses up to 6,000 Euro (§ 10 para. 1 no. 7 EStG).

The Federal Fiscal Court recently ruled that the costs of pilot training without prior initial training are not deductible as income-related expenses, even if the taxpayer had previously worked in another profession for many years. Long-term employment does not replace "proper" initial training, and the costs of pilot training can only be partially deducted as special expenses (BFH ruling of 15.2.2023, VI R 22/21).

Example: A pilot obtained the instrument rating for aircraft in 2016 and the type rating for the Airbus A320 in 2017, but had not previously completed proper initial training. The tax office recognised the costs of pilot training only as special expenses.

According to the judges, the 20-month internship did not meet the requirements for initial training, as there was no structured training and no final examination. The several years of commercial activity before the pilot training were also not considered initial training.

The classification of the costs of professional pilot training as retraining costs, which would be deductible under § 9 para. 1 sentence 1 EStG, was also rejected. This would contradict the aim of limiting the deduction of income-related expenses.

There is no objective reason why longer employment as a taxi driver or ski instructor should exclude the deduction of income-related expenses, while several years of employment as a DJ/musician should not prevent this (see BT-Drucksache 18/3017, p. 43).

When are pilot training costs deductible?

Field help

Expenses for vocational training

Sum of the total paid expenses for vocational training

Type of expenses

Enter the type of expenses you incurred for your vocational training, for example, the name of your vocational training programme.

If you have completed several vocational training courses in 2025, enter all training programmes (max. 10) or a collective term.

Important: If you attend the training course only for the purpose of general education or as a hobby, this will not be accepted as vocational training. If, for example, you are learning to be a trainer to teach in a sports club for money, or if, as a dental technician, you attend a photo course, this will not be considered as training.

Amount

Indicate the amount you incurred for your vocational training.