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Die Zustimmung des Empfängers wird benötigt: Anlage U

Die Zustimmung muss durch die Vorlage der "Anlage U für Unterhaltsleistungen an den geschiedenen Ehegatten" beim Finanzamt nachgewiesen werden. Sie gilt dann unbefristet bis auf Widerruf.

Fügen Sie Ihrer Steuererklärung daher bitte die Anlage U bei, wenn diese dem Finanzamt noch nicht vorliegt!



Sind Unterhaltsleistungen Sonderausgaben oder außergewöhnliche Belastungen?

Unterhaltsleistungen an Ihren geschiedenen oder dauernd getrenntlebenden Ehepartner können entweder als Sonderausgaben oder als außergewöhnliche Belastungen abgesetzt werden. Diese Entscheidung gilt für die gesamte Unterhaltsleistung, das heißt, Sie können nicht einen Teil als Sonderausgaben und den anderen Teil als außergewöhnliche Belastung angeben. Welche Variante günstiger ist, hängt vom individuellen Fall ab.

Sonderausgaben:

Bei höheren Unterhaltszahlungen empfiehlt sich oft der Abzug als Sonderausgaben, da die Steuerersparnis höher sein kann. Der Unterhaltspflichtige kann bis zu 13.805 Euro jährlich plus die übernommenen Kranken- und Pflegeversicherungsbeiträge des Unterhaltsempfängers absetzen. Allerdings muss der Empfänger zustimmen und die Zahlungen als Einkommen versteuern. Die Zustimmung erfolgt über die "Anlage U".

Außergewöhnliche Belastungen:

Der Abzug als außergewöhnliche Belastung ist einfacher, da keine Zustimmung des Ex-Partners erforderlich ist. Hier können Sie bis zu 12.096 Euro jährlich plus die für den Unterhaltsempfänger gezahlten Kranken- und Pflegeversicherungsbeiträge absetzen. Achtung: Eigene Einkünfte und Bezüge des unterhaltenen Ex-Partners (z. B. Lohn, Rente, ALG) mindern den abziehbaren Betrag, soweit sie 624 Euro jährlich übersteigen.

Zusammenveranlagung im Trennungsjahr:

Im Jahr der Trennung ist die Zusammenveranlagung häufig steuerlich attraktiver. In diesem Fall sind Unterhaltszahlungen in dem Jahr nicht absetzbar.

Sind Unterhaltsleistungen Sonderausgaben oder außergewöhnliche Belastungen?



Wie viel der Unterhaltsleistungen an Ex-Ehegatten kann ich als Sonderausgaben absetzen?

Wie viel der Unterhaltsleistungen an Ex-Ehegatten kann ich als Sonderausgaben absetzen?

Unterhaltszahlungen an den Ex-Ehegatten können als Sonderausgaben abgesetzt werden, was als Realsplitting bezeichnet wird. Dadurch kann der Unterhaltszahler seine Zahlungen steuermindernd geltend machen, während der Empfänger diese als sonstige Einkünfte versteuern muss.

Um die Unterhaltsleistungen absetzen zu können, muss der Zahlende den Abzug beantragen und der Empfänger zustimmen sowie bestätigen, dass er die Zahlungen versteuert. Der Unterhaltszahler kann bis zu 13.805 Euro jährlich als Sonderausgaben absetzen. Dieser Höchstbetrag gilt auch, wenn nur ein Teil des Jahres Unterhaltszahlungen geleistet wird.

Besonderheiten:
  • Wenn Sie zwei Ex-Ehegatten unterhalten müssen, gilt der Höchstbetrag von 13.805 Euro zweimal.
  • Zusätzlich können die für die Kranken- und Pflegeversicherung des Unterhaltsempfängers gezahlten Beiträge abgesetzt werden. Diese Beiträge sind nicht im Höchstbetrag von 13.805 Euro enthalten, sondern können zusätzlich abgesetzt werden.
Beispiel

Herr X zahlt seiner Ex-Frau Unterhalt in Höhe von 600 Euro pro Monat. Sein zu versteuerndes Einkommen (zvE) beläuft sich auf 40.000 Euro pro Jahr.

Einkommensteuer ohne Realsplitting nach Grundtarif inkl. Solidaritätszuschlag:

  • Einkommen: 40.000 Euro
  • Einkommensteuer 2025: 7.320 Euro

Einkommensteuer mit Realsplitting nach Grundtarif inkl. Solidaritätszuschlag:

  • Einkommen: 40.000 Euro
  • abzüglich Unterhalt: 7.200 Euro
  • zvE: 32.800 Euro
  • Einkommensteuer 2025: 5.112 Euro

Steuerersparnis: 7.320 Euro - 5.112 Euro = 2.208 Euro

Wie viel der Unterhaltsleistungen an Ex-Ehegatten kann ich als Sonderausgaben absetzen?



What can I deduct as maintenance payments to ex-spouses?

You can deduct all maintenance payments to your ex-spouse, regardless of whether they use the funds for this purpose or not. It does not matter whether you make the maintenance payment voluntarily or are obliged to do so.

You can deduct the following expenses as maintenance, provided they are so-called typical maintenance payments:

  • Regular cash payments
  • Goods
  • Insurance contributions
  • One-off payments
  • Consumption-based costs, e.g. for heating, electricity, water
  • Rental value of the house or flat provided, up to the usual local rent
  • Payments to offset tax disadvantages incurred by the recipient due to the taxation of maintenance payments
  • Payments to third parties for the benefit of the maintenance beneficiary (e.g. rent payments directly to the landlord)
Note

In the case of free provision of a flat, this is a form of maintenance in kind, which can be taken into account in real splitting at the local rental rate. The local rental rate must also be applied if the parties have agreed on a lower monetary housing benefit under maintenance law (BFH ruling of 29.6.2022, X R 33/20). However, the BFH makes the following restriction: If the joint children continue to live in the provided flat, the housing benefit attributable to them is not taken into account in the maintenance payments deductible under § 10 (1a) No. 1 EStG.

The BFH also points out another special feature: The provision of a flat to the divorced or permanently separated spouse can also be based on a paid legal relationship. In other words, the provision of use is not maintenance, but a "genuine" rental. This does not fall within the scope of § 10 (1a) No. 1 EStG, i.e. real splitting, but is to be assessed as income from renting and leasing, as in the case of renting to third parties.

In the case in dispute, the BFH assessed the separation and divorce settlement as not intended to be a classic rental, but rather maintenance in kind. However, this may be different in individual cases, especially if there is explicit mention of "residential rental" or if the terms "rent" or "payment" appear in the contract text.

What can I deduct as maintenance payments to ex-spouses?



What cannot be deducted as maintenance payments to ex-spouses?

Of course, not all payments to your ex-spouse can be claimed as special expenses. This includes gifts you give your ex-partner on special occasions (birthday, Christmas, etc.). Child maintenance is also not deductible.

This should be covered by child benefit or child allowances. Payments and benefits resulting from equalisation of accrued gains are also not deductible (e.g. taking over a car). The same applies to legal and court costs incurred to obtain your ex-spouse's consent to income splitting.

What cannot be deducted as maintenance payments to ex-spouses?



How can I deduct maintenance payments to my ex-spouse?

In order to deduct your maintenance payments to your ex-spouse or permanently separated spouse as special expenses, their consent is required. This is because the recipient of the payments must declare them as "other income" for tax purposes.

Consent must be proven by submitting "Form U" to the tax office. It is then valid indefinitely until revoked. However, the person liable for maintenance must submit Form U to the tax office each year. The application is then binding for that year. The revocation of the real splitting must be submitted to the tax office before the beginning of the calendar year for which the real splitting is no longer to apply.

The consent does not need to be obtained anew each year by the maintenance recipient and submitted to the tax office, as the application does. If the consent is already on file with the tax office and has not been revoked, make the required tick in Section B at the appropriate place.

Tip

As a maintenance recipient, you should make your consent to the real splitting dependent on the obligation of the maintenance payer to compensate for any tax and non-tax disadvantages you incur as a result of the taxation of the maintenance payments.

How can I deduct maintenance payments to my ex-spouse?



Which maintenance payments should be entered here?

Maintenance payments to a divorced or separated spouse can be deducted as special expenses up to a maximum amount of 13.805 Euro. In return, the recipient must tax the same amount as other income (so-called limited real splitting).

If you, as the maintenance payer, also pay contributions to health and nursing care insurance for your ex-spouse - either directly to your ex-spouse (because they are the policyholder) or directly to the insurance company for them (because you are the policyholder) - these contributions are additional maintenance payments within the framework of real splitting that can be deducted beyond the maximum amount of 13.805 Euro.

The following can be deducted as special expenses or taxed as other income:

  • Cash maintenance,
  • Benefits in kind, particularly the value of the accommodation provided to the ex-spouse. If you do not charge rent, it is apparently a "free provision". If you provide the accommodation to your ex-spouse due to a maintenance agreement and this reduces your cash maintenance obligation, you can deduct all expenses as special expenses within the framework of real splitting.
  • Payments to offset tax and non-tax disadvantages incurred by the recipient due to the taxation of maintenance payments,
  • Contributions to your ex-spouse's insurance,
  • Rent payments and other ongoing housing costs for the benefit of your ex-spouse,
  • Payment of tax consultancy costs for your ex-spouse.

Not deductible as special expenses are:

  • Legal and court costs incurred for obtaining your ex-spouse's consent to real splitting.
  • Expenses for the funeral of your ex-spouse and for the purchase of a grave right.

Which maintenance payments should be entered here?

Field help

Identification number of the divorced spouse / partner

Enter the 11-digit tax identification number of your divorced spouse to whom you pay maintenance.

The obligation to provide the tax ID only applies if the recipient lives or has a permanent address in Germany. Different obligations for providing proof apply to support paid to people living abroad, but these do not include an identification number.

Note on the obligation to notify

Your divorced spouse/life partner is obliged to provide you with their tax ID. This is based on the necessity of correct tax allocation (sect. 139b para. 2 of the Fiscal Code (AO)).

Procedure in the event of refusal to notify

If the person you are supporting does not provide you with the identification number, you should ask again, referring to the legal requirement and possible tax disadvantages. If this has no effect, you can find out the number from the tax office, provided you can demonstrate a legitimate interest (e.g. by providing proof of maintenance). Please note that the tax office may refuse to provide the information due to data protection requirements.

The consent of the divorced spouse or civil partner is required for the recognition of maintenance or compensation payments as special expenses. This is done by completing and signing Form U, which must be attached to your tax return.

Recipient, date of birth

In this field, enter the full name and date of birth of the recipient of the benefits.

The recipient of the benefit is the person to whom you have paid maintenance, in other words, your divorced or permanently separated spouse.

Summe der gezahlten Unterhaltsleistungen

Total of maintenance payments made

Does the recipient live in Germany?

If the recipient of the payments lives in Germany, select "yes".

This information is required so that the tax office can recognise the deduction of special expenses.

If the recipient is resident in Germany, their identification number must also be provided.